Silica yakanyorovachinhu chakakosha chekusimbisa muindasitiri yerabha. Hunhu hwayo hwakasiyana-siyana hunokanganisa kusasimba kwerabha nenzira isina kunanga kana zvakananga nekuchinja kudyidzana kwerabha nerubatsiro rwematrix yerabha, kupararira kwayo, uye hunhu hwemakanika erabha. Pazasi, kutanga kubva pahunhu hwakakosha, tinoongorora zvakadzama mashandiro adzo pakudzivirira kusasimba kwerabha:
1.Nzvimbo Yepamusoro Yakanangana (BET)
Nzvimbo chaiyo yepamusoro ndeimwe yenzvimbo huru dzesilica, ichiratidza zvakananga nzvimbo yayo yekubata nerabha uye kugona kwayo kusimbisa, zvichikanganisa zvakanyanya kuramba kwekukwesha.
(1) Simba rakanaka: Mukati menzvimbo yakati, kuwedzera nzvimbo chaiyo yepamusoro (semuenzaniso, kubva pa100 m²/g kusvika 200 m²/g) kunowedzera nzvimbo yekubatana pakati pesilica nerabha. Izvi zvinogona kuwedzera simba rekubatana pakati perabha kuburikidza ne "anchoring effect," zvichivandudza kuramba kwerabha kuchinjika uye kusimbisa simba. Panguva ino, kuomarara kwerabha, simba rekudhonza, uye simba rekubvaruka zvinowedzera. Munguva yekupfekwa, hainyanyi kukanganiswa nezvinhu nekuda kwekumanikidzwa kwakanyanya kwenzvimbo, zvichikonzera kuvandudzika kukuru mukudzivirira kwekukwesha.
(2) Kukanganisa: Kana nzvimbo chaiyo yekumusoro yakakura zvakanyanya (semuenzaniso, inodarika 250 m²/g), masimba evan der Waals uye kubatana kwehydrogen pakati pezvikamu zvesilica zvinosimba, zvichikonzera nyore nyore kuungana (kunyanya pasina kugadziriswa kwenzvimbo), zvichikonzera kudzikira kukuru kwekupararira. MaAgglomerate anoumba "nzvimbo dzekushushikana" mukati merabha. Panguva yekusakara, kupwanyika kunowanzoitika zvakanyanya pamativi eagglomerate, zvichideredza kuramba kwekukweshana.
Mhedziso: Kune nzvimbo yakakwana yepamusoro (kazhinji 150-220 m²/g, inosiyana zvichienderana nerudzi rwerabha) uko kupararira uye kusimbisa simba kwakaringana, zvichikonzera kuramba kwakanyanya kwekukwesha.
2. Saizi yezvikamu uye Kugoverwa kwehukuru
Saizi huru yezvikamu (kana saizi yekuunganidza) uye kupararira kwesilica kunokanganisa kusawirirana kweganda nekukanganisa kufanana kwenzvimbo uye kudyidzana kwenzvimbo.
(1) Saizi yezvikamu: Zvikamu zvidiki (zvinowanzo batanidzwa zvakanaka nenzvimbo chaiyo yepamusoro) zvinoenderana nenzvimbo dzakakura dzepamusoro uye simba rakasimba rekusimbisa (sezviri pamusoro). Zvisinei, zvikamu zvidiki zvakanyanya (semuenzaniso, saizi yekutanga yezvikamu < 10 nm) zvinowedzera zvakanyanya simba rekubatana pakati pezvikamu, zvichiwedzera zvakanyanya kuoma kwekupararira. Izvi zvinotungamira kune zvikanganiso zvemunzvimbo, zvichideredza kuramba kwekukweshana.
(2) Kugoverwa Kwehukuru hwezvikamu: Silika ine kugoverwa kwehukuru hwezvikamu zvidiki inopararira zvakaenzana murabha, ichidzivirira "nzvimbo dzisina simba" dzinoumbwa nezvikamu zvikuru (kana ma agglomerates). Kana kugoverwa kwacho kwakafara zvakanyanya (semuenzaniso, ine zvikamu zve 10 nm uye pamusoro pe 100 nm), zvikamu zvikuru zvinova nzvimbo dzekutanga kusakara (zvinonyanya kusakara panguva yekukweshwa), zvichikonzera kudzikira kwekudzivirira kwekukweshwa.
Mhedziso: Silika ine saizi diki (inoenderana nenzvimbo chaiyo yepamusoro) uye kupararira kwakamanikana kunobatsira zvikuru pakuwedzera kuramba kwekukwesha.
3.Maumbirwo (Kukosha kweKunyudzwa kweDBP)
Maumbirwo anoratidza kuomarara kwezvikamu zve silica (zvinoratidzwa nekukosha kwekunyudzwa kweDBP; kukosha kwepamusoro kunoratidza maumbirwo akakwira). Zvinokanganisa maumbirwo e network yerabha uye kuramba kwayo kushanduka.
(1) Simba rakanaka: Silika ine chimiro chakakwirira inoumba mativi matatu emapazi, zvichiita kuti "skeletal network" ive yakasimba mukati merabha. Izvi zvinowedzera kusimba kwerabha uye kuramba kudzvanywa. Munguva yekukweshwa, network iyi inogona kudzivirira simba rekunze, ichideredza kupera simba kwekuneta kunokonzerwa nekukanganisika kunowanzoitika, nokudaro ichivandudza kuramba kwekukweshwa.
(2) Kukanganisa: Chimiro chakanyanya (kunyudzwa kweDBP > 300 mL/100g) chinokonzera nyore nyore kusangana pakati pema silica aggregates. Izvi zvinotungamira mukuwedzera kwakanyanya kweMooney viscosity panguva yekusanganiswa kwerabha, kufamba zvakanaka kwekugadzirisa, uye kupararira kusina kuenzana. Nzvimbo dzine zvivakwa zvakawandisa munzvimbo iyoyo dzichakurumidza kupera nekuda kwekumanikidzwa, zvichideredza kuramba kwekukwesha.
Mhedziso: Chimiro chepakati (kunyudzwa kweDBP 200-250 mL/100g) chakakodzera zvakanyanya pakuenzanisa kugona kwekugadzirisa uye kuramba kukwesha.
4. Zviri pamusoro peHydroxyl (Si-OH)
Mapoka e silanol (Si-OH) ari pamusoro pe silica ndiwo akakosha pakuchinja kushanda kwayo nerabha, zvichikanganisa kusasimba kweganda kuburikidza nesimba rekubatanidza machira.
(1) Kana isina kurapwa: Hydroxyl yakawanda (> mapoka mashanu/nm²) inokonzera kuoma kwekubatana pakati pezvikamu kuburikidza nehydrogen bonding, zvichikonzera kusapararira zvakanaka. Panguva imwe chete, mapoka ehydroxyl haawirirane zvakanaka nemamorekuru erabha (akawanda asiri epolar), zvichikonzera kusasimba kwekubatana kweinterfacial. Panguva yekupfekwa, silica inowanzo patsanurwa nerabha, zvichideredza kuramba kweabrasion.
(2) Yakarapwa neSilane Coupling Agent: Zvinobatanidza (semuenzaniso, Si69) zvinosangana ne hydroxyl groups, zvichideredza kuungana kwepakati pezvikamu uye zvichiunza mapoka anoenderana nerabha (semuenzaniso, mercapto groups), zvichiwedzera simba rekubatana kwepakati pechiso. Panguva ino, "kunamatira kwemakemikari" kunoumbwa pakati pesilica nerabha. Kutamiswa kwekushushikana kunova kwakafanana, uye kukweshana kwepakati pechiso hakuwanzoitika panguva yekupfekwa, zvichivandudza zvakanyanya kuramba kwekukweshana.
Mhedziso: Kuwanda kwehydroxyl kunofanirwa kunge kuri pakati nepakati (mapoka matatu kusvika mashanu/nm²), uye kunofanira kusanganiswa nekurapwa kwe silane coupling agent kuti kuwedzere kubatana kwe interfacial uye kuvandudza kuramba kwekukweshana.
Kukosha kwe5.pH
pH ye silica (kazhinji 6.0-8.0) inonyanya kukanganisa kuramba kwe abrasion nekukanganisa rabha vulcanization system.
(1) Inonyanya kusimba (pH < 6.0): Inodzivirira kushanda kwezvinokurumidzisa vulcanization, zvichinonotsa mwero we vulcanization, uye zvinogona kutokonzera vulcanization isina kukwana uye kushomeka kwakakwana kwe crosslink murabha. Rabha ine crosslink density yakaderera ine hunhu hwakaderera hwemakanika (semuenzaniso, simba rekudhonza, kuomarara). Munguva yekupfekwa, inokanganisa plastic deformation uye kurasikirwa nezvinhu, zvichikonzera kusasimba kwekukwesha.
(2) Alkaline Yakawandisa (pH > 8.0): Inogona kukurumidzisa vulcanization (kunyanya kune thiazole accelerators), zvichikonzera vulcanization yekutanga nekukurumidza uye kusawirirana (local over-crosslinking kana under-crosslinking). Nzvimbo dzakabatana zvakanyanya dzinova dzakatetepa, nzvimbo dzakabatana pasi dzine simba shoma; zvese izvi zvinoderedza kuramba kwekukwesha.
Mhedziso: Iine acidity yakaderera (pH 5.0-7.0) inonyanya kubatsira pakugadzira simbi dzakafanana, zvichiita kuti simbi dzirambe dzichishanda zvakanaka uye dzirambe dzichidzivirira kukweshana.
6. Zviri Mukati meKusachena
Kusachena kuri mu silica (senge ma ions esimbi akadai seFe³⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, kana munyu usina kugadziriswa) kunogona kuderedza kuramba kwekukwesha nekukuvadza chimiro cherabha kana kukanganisa vulcanization.
(1) MaIoni esimbi: MaIoni esimbi anochinja akaita seFe³⁺ anokonzera kukwegura kwerubha, zvichikurumidzisa rubha molecular chain scission. Izvi zvinotungamira mukuora kwezvinhu zvemuchina nekufamba kwenguva, zvichideredza kuramba kwekukwesha. Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ inogona kuita ne vulcanizing agents murabha, zvichikanganisa vulcanization uye kudzikisa crosslink density.
(2) Munyu Unonyunguduka: Munyu wakawanda usina kuchena (semuenzaniso, Na₂SO₄) unowedzera hygroscopicity ye silica, zvichikonzera kuumbwa kwemabubble panguva yekugadzirisa rabha. Mabubble aya anogadzira zvikanganiso zvemukati; panguva yekusakara, kutadza kunowanzotanga panzvimbo idzi dzisina kuchena, zvichideredza kuramba kwekukwesha.
Mhedziso: Kusvibiswa kunofanira kudzorwa zvakasimba (semuenzaniso, Fe³⁺ < 1000 ppm) kuderedza migumisiro yakaipa pakushanda kwerabha.
Muchidimbu, pesvedzero yesilica yakakangwaKudzivirira kukweshana kwerabha kunobva mumhedzisiro yekubatana kwezvimiro zvakawanda: Nzvimbo chaiyo yekumusoro nehukuru hwezvimedu zvinosarudza kugona kwekusimbisa kwakakosha; chimiro chinokanganisa kugadzikana kwenetwork yerabha; mapoka ehydroxyl epamusoro uye pH zvinodzora kubatana kwepakati uye kufanana kwevulcanization; nepo tsvina inoderedza mashandiro nekukuvadza chimiro. Mukushandiswa kwakakodzera, musanganiswa wezvimiro unofanirwa kugadziriswa zvichienderana nerudzi rwerabha (semuenzaniso, tire tread compound, sealant). Semuenzaniso, treat compounds dzinowanzo sarudza silica ine nzvimbo yepamusoro chaiyo, chimiro chepakati, tsvina shoma, uye pamwe chete nekurapa silane coupling agent kuti iwedzere kuramba kwekukweshana.
Nguva yekutumira: Chikunguru-22-2025